Muhammet Esat BÜYÜKBULUT

ENG 010 – Modals

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Muhammet Esat BÜYÜKBULUT
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  • Özneye göre ek almazlar
    • I can
    • You should
  • Fiiller yalın haliyle kullanılırlar
    • I can talk
    • You should study
  • Soru ve negatif cümlelerde yardımcı fiile ihtiyaç duymaz
    • You can’t sleep here
    • What should I do?
  • Zaman çekimine uğramaz her zaman yalın halde kullanılır.

Can

Ability in the present

  • Ability
    • I can play guitar
  • Possibility
    • It can get cold
  • Request & Offer
    • Can you help me?
    • Can I help you?
  • Permissions
    • Can I smoke here?
  • Inappropriateness
    • You can’t smoke in this building. It is illegal.

negatif hali:

  • can’t
  • cannot -> AYRI YAZILMAZ!

Be able to

  • Anlamı neredeyse can ile aynı. Bir şeyi yapabilmek, edebilmek anlamında kullanılır.
  • Zaman kipiyle çekimlenebilir çünkü özünde modals değildir(?)
  • Can’e göre daha specific olarak anlatılır.
    • I can swim
    • I am able to swim in the warm water. 
The words "can" and "be able to" are both used to express ability, but there are some subtle differences between the two.

Can is used in the present tense to talk about general ability. For example, you might say "I can swim" to mean that you are able to swim in general.

Be able to can be used in any tense to talk about ability. It is often used to talk about specific ability, or ability that is limited in some way. For example, you might say "I am able to swim today" to mean that you are able to swim today, but not necessarily every day.

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-be-able-to-and-can

Could

  • Can’in geçmiş zamanda kullanılan hali.
  • Daha kibardır ve daha resmi’dir.

  • Ability in the past
    • I could run much faster when I was younger
  • Polite request & offer
    • Can you help me?
    • Can I help you?
  • Polite permissions
    • Could I borrow?
  • …

May & Might

Possibility (present/future)

  • May daha güçlü, might daha zayıf olasılıkları belirtmek için kullanılır. Fakat günlük konuşmada genelde birbirinin yerine kullanılır.
  • It may rain today.
  • It might rain today.

Possibility (past)

özne + may/might + have + V3

  • He may have missed the bus
  • He might have missed the bus

Permission

İzin alırken

  • May daha resmi, might daha kibardır(?)
    • May I borrow the car tomorrow?
    • Might we ask you a question?
  • Might, May’in geçmiş hali olarak kullanılabilir
    • He asked if he might borrow the car.
      They wanted to know if they might come later.

İzin verirken sadece may‘i kullanıyoruz:

  • You may use my car if yours is broken.

Wishes

May ile yapılır. May başa gelir:

  • May you both live a long and happy life together
  • May the force be with you

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/english-grammar-reference/may-might

https://langeek.co/en/grammar/course/26/may-might

might/may as well

Daha iyi bir seçenek olmadığında “yapayım bari” anlamında kullanılır

  • It’s raining outside. I might as well stay home. – Dışarısı yağmurlu. Evde kalayım bari.

Will

  • Decisions/events about the future
    • I will call you
  • Promises & threats
    • Don’t worry. I won’t tell anyone
  • Polite offer/request
    • Will you marry me?

Would

  • Past form of “will”
    • I would make paint- Resim yapacaktım
  • Very polite offer/request
    • Would you like a drink?

would like

to + infinitive şeklinde kullanılır
Very polite way to say: want

  • I’d like to see a movie tonight
    • I want to see a movie tonight.
  • I’d like to buy a sailboat
    • I want to buy a sailboat

would you mind

would you mind + verb ‘ing’ şeklinde kullanılır
Can you please

  • Would you mind closing the window?
    • Can you please close the window?
  • Would you mind taking the trash out tonight?
    • Can you please take the trash out tonight?

would + infinitive

Hypothetical situations in the present/future

  • If I had a lot of money, I would go on holiday.
  • If I live in Japan, I would eat sushi every day.
  • If I didn’t have a car, I would cycle to work every day.

to give advice

  • A: My neck has been killing me lately.
    B: If I were you, I would see a doctor
  • A: My landlord wants to increase my rent.
    B: If I were you, I would find another flat. Yours is already so expensive.
  • A: My ex-boyfriend invited me to his wedding.
    B: If I were you, I wouldn’t go.

past habits

  • When I was a teenager, I would wake up late every day.
  • My mom would pack my lunch for me every day, when I went to school.
  • In England, people would drink more tea than they do now.
  • Stative verbs ile kullanılmaz!
    • I would love the Spice Girls
    • I used to love the Spice Girls

would have + past participle

Hypothetical situations in the past

  • If I had studied more when I was younger, I would have been a doctor.
  • If I had left my house two minutes earlier, I wouldn’t have missed my train.
  • If I had known you were coming, I would have made dinner.

would love to, but …

A polite excuse

  • A: Are you coming to my party tomorrow?
    B: I would love to, but tomorrow I am going to London.
  • A: I need someone to drive me to the airport tomorrow. Are you free?
    B: I would, but tomorrow I’m working.

Used to

subject + used to + bare infinitive

Geçmişte düzenli olarak yapılan, sürekli olarak tekrarlanmış olan eylemleri veya durumları ifade etmek için kullanılır

  • I used to have a lot of free time
  • I used to have really short hair
  • I used to smoke

did not + use to + bare infinitive

  • I didn’t use to have a lot of free time
  • I didn’t use to have really short hair.
  • I did not use to smoke

Be + used to + noun/’ing’

  • things we are accustomed to
  • things we are comfortable with
  • things that are normal for us
    maybe not normal for other people
  • Well, I am used to the noise
  • Teenagers are used to studying
  • I am used to spicy food.

get used to + pronoun / ‘ing’ form / noun

  • I started this job two month ago.
    I’m still getting used to everything
    There is so much for me to learn.
  • I’m new to teaching online. I think it’s very difficult.
    I prefer teaching in a classroom
    Don’t worry. You’ll get used to teaching online.
  • My girlfriend wears this really powerful perfume
    I just can’t get used to the smell.

Should & Ought to

  • -meli, -malı
  • ought to daha formal
  • genelde should kullanılır
  • You should brush your teeth at least twice a day.
  • You should not keep your phone in your back pocket.
  • Should I send the team a message about Sienna’s upcoming birthday?

Shall

Must & Have to

  • -meli, -malı anlamına gelir
  • zorunluluk bildirir
  • Benzer anlamlara gelir ve gündelik hayatta neredeyse eşanlamlı bir kelimeler gibi birbiri yerine kullanılır.
  • Farkları have to‘nun dışardan gelen bir mecburiyeti bildirmek için must‘ın kişinin kendinden gelen mecburiyettir.
  • Negatifleri birbirinden farklı anlama gelir!
    • must not: not allowed / forbidden
    • don’t/doesn’t have to: no obligation / not necessary / but you can do it if you want to

Be to / Be supposed to

  • Olması gerekir anlamına gelir
  • Be to’nun anlamı daha güçlüdür
  • The train is to arrive in two hours – Trenin iki saate gelmesi gerekiyor
  • The train is suppose to arrive in two hours – Trenin iki saate gelmesi gerekiyor
  • You are to be on time for class. – Derse zamanında gelmen gerekiyor. (must)
  • You are supposed to be on time for class. – Derse zamanında gelmen gerekiyor. (should)

would like / would rather / would prefer

  • I would like to read. – Kitap okumak isterim (want)
  • I would rather read than watch TV. – Televizyon izlemekten kitap okumayı tercih ederim
  • I would prefer reading to watching TV. – Televizyon izlemekten kitap okumayı tercih ederim

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